Indigenous

This section contains material on the lives and activism of Indigenous women in Canada. Items address various manifestations of colonization and its impacts on Indigenous women and children, as well as Indigenous women’s resistance to colonialism and patriarchy.

Pending a review now underway, this area also currently includes items reflecting solidarity organizing by the feminist community, as well as research, services, and advocacy for Indigenous women within institutions and jurisdictions outside their own communities. Some of these materials are also included in the Solidarity and Coalition-Building section.

More about Indigenous

Key themes include:

  • Impacts of colonization and racism on Indigenous women and families
  • Indigenous women’s fight for their own rights, self-determination, and wellbeing
  • Indigenous women’s role as defenders of their land and communities and as cultural protectors preserving their people’s traditions, languages, and knowledge
  • Cultural and artistic expression
  • Organizing against violence against Indigenous women and girls
  • Indigenous women’s associations
  • Feminist solidarity

Sub-Issues

Indian Act & Status Rights

Archival Materials

Buttons

This button celebrates Algoma and Manitoulin Native Women - Spirit of the 80's.
Algoma and Manitoulin Native Women – Spirit of the 80’s

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
"Oka to the Gulf. Make the links" is the theme of this button for the 1991 International Women's Day March and Rally in Toronto. It refers to the Gulf War of 1990-91 and to the struggle for Indigenous rights in Oka, Quebec in 1990. It highlights the role of the military and connects militarism, colonialism and imperialism here at home and internationally.
International Women’s Day 1991 (Toronto) – From Oka to the Gulf!

  • Year created:

    1991

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
The Toronto International Women’s Day March in 1992 was organized around the theme “Healing, Reclaiming” and focused on the struggles of Indigenous women, their families and communities.
International Women’s Day 1992 (Toronto) – Healing, Reclaiming

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Indigenous women have played a significant role in the struggle for recognition as Founding Nations and to protect their lands and culture.
Native Canadians: A Distinct Society – The Original Founding Nations of this Land

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
This button highlights solidarity with Indigenous people to protect a sacred burial ground of the Mohawk people of Kanehsatake in Oka, Quebec. The town proposed the expansion of a golf course and the people of Kanehsatake rose up in defense of their ancestral lands, facing off against government officials, the police, and the Canadian Army for 78 days.
Oka is All of Us

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Region:

    Quebec

  • Language:

    English
Indigenous people at Kanehsatake fought back in 1990 after a sacred burial ground was proposed for a golf course in the town of Oka, Quebec. This button recognizes the prominent role that Indigenous women played in that struggle as well as the need to de-colonize Canada.
OKAnada

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Region:

    Quebec

  • Language:

    English
In the 1970s, despite a long standing dispute with the Lubicon Cree over land rights, the Alberta government leased areas of their traditional lands for resource exploration and development. This has had severely destructive effects on the natural environment and the Lubicon people, their culture and way of life. Indigenous women have deeply impacted by and also part of the long struggle for survival.
Support the Last Stand of the Lubicon!

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    Alberta

  • Language:

    English

Documents
“Voicing the Women’s Perspective”: The Circle /Le Cercle – Vol. 2, Number 2 – April 1993

  • Year created:

    1993

  • Author(s):

    Deborah Hanly

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English and French
Aboriginal Women’s Rights Are Human Rights: Canadian Human Rights Act Review

  • Year created:

    2000andafter

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Aboriginal Women’s Roundtable on Gender Equality

  • Year created:

    2000andafter

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Anna Mae Aquash

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Article in Pacific Current – Adoption as Exploitation

  • Year created:

    1994

  • Author(s):

    Rick Ouston, Melody Spruit

  • Region:

    British Columbia

  • Language:

    English
Background Paper: Bill C-31, Equality or Disparity? The Effects of the New Indian Act on Native Women

  • Year created:

    1987

  • Author(s):

    Joan Holme

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Breaking Free: A Proposal for Change To Aboriginal Family Violence

  • Year created:

    1989

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Bulletin: Canadian Association in Support of the Native Peoples – Volume 18, Number 4 – Fall 1978

  • Year created:

    1978

  • Author(s):

    Joanne Hoople , Kathleen Jamieson, Constance Hunt, Buffy Saint-Marie, Don Whiteside, Gabriella Goliger , Johanna Brand, Maxine Hancock, Marie Mudd, Pauline Johnson, Jenna Hofbauer, Laverne Monette, Sylvia Maracle

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Concerned Aboriginal Women on Their Occupation

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Region:

    British Columbia

  • Language:

    English
Concerned Aboriginal Women: Telex Messages and Letters in Support of the Occupation

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Region:

    British Columbia

  • Language:

    English
Creating Choices: The Report of the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Education Wife Assault – Resource List for the Native Community

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Fact Sheet – Aboriginal Women and Poverty

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
For our families and our future!

  • Year created:

    1996

  • Region:

    Nunavut

  • Language:

    English
For our families and our future! (Inuktitut)

  • Year created:

    1996

  • Region:

    Nunavut

  • Language:

    Other
Indian Women of Tobique appeal for support

  • Year created:

    1979

  • Author(s):

    Indian Women of Tobique

  • Region:

    New Brunswick

  • Language:

    English
International Women’s Day Toronto (1987) Pamphlet

  • Year created:

    1987

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Issues & Campaigns (1992): Women’s Constitutional Conference

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Author(s):

    Judy Rebick

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Ministry of Employment and Immigration/Native Women’s Association of Canada – Media Release re: Employment Strategy

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English and French
Native Women and the Constitution: An I.R.I.W. Publication

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Author(s):

    Indian Rights for Indian Women (IRIW)

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Native Women in the Arts
Native Women in the Arts

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Native Women Speaking Together

  • Year created:

    1980

  • Author(s):

    Donna Phillips, Joyce Albert

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Resource Center Toronto – A Guide for Native Women

  • Year created:

    1987

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto, Inc.

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
New Areas of Inequality Against Indian Women Arise From Bill C-31: CACSW Background Paper

  • Year created:

    1987

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English and French
Pamphlet of the Regina Native Women’s Association

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    Saskatchewan

  • Language:

    English
Pauktuutit Inuit Women’s Association Annual Report 1984-85

  • Year created:

    1985

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Pauktuutit Inuit Women’s Association Annual Report 1985-86

  • Year created:

    1986

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Profile of Aboriginal Women in Saskatchewan

  • Year created:

    1999

  • Region:

    Saskatchewan

  • Language:

    English
Spirit of Turtle Island: Native Women’s Festival

  • Year created:

    1985

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
Statement of The Concerned Aboriginal Women

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Region:

    British Columbia

  • Language:

    English
Talking About Ourselves: The Literary Productions of the Native Women of Canada (CRIAW Papers/Les document de l’ICREF No. 11)

  • Year created:

    1985

  • Author(s):

    Barbara Thompson Godard

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
The Manitoba Native Indian Mother and Child: Discussion Paper on a High Risk Population

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Author(s):

    Jocelyn Bruyere

  • Region:

    Manitoba

  • Language:

    English
Violence in Aboriginal Communities

  • Year created:

    1994

  • Author(s):

    Emma D. LaRocque

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Vis-À-VIS – Vol. 5, Number 4 – Winter 1988

  • Year created:

    1988

  • Author(s):

    Raymond Obomsawin , Marte-Louise Obomsawin

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Voices of Aboriginal Women: Aboriginal Women Speak Out About Violence

  • Year created:

    1991

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
What to do if you are abused and/or battered

  • Year created:

    2000andafter

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Women and Poverty Revisited

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Author(s):

    Louise Dulude

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English

Films

Still from the film "A Safe Distance" featuring an Indigenous woman sitting with her young child in her lap with a lake in the background.
A Safe Distance

  • Year created:

    1986

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Tina Horne

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Manitoba, Ontario
Image of a woman standing in front of a microphone while performing.
Amisk

  • Year created:

    1977

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Alanis Obomsawin

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Quebec
Film still of Augusta sitting with two log cabins behind her.
Augusta

  • Year created:

    1976

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Anne Wheeler

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    British Columbia
Still from the film "Conspiracy of Silence" featuring a blurry image of two white men walking in the snow with a dog.
Conspiracy of Silence – Part 1

  • Year created:

    1991

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Manitoba
Still from the film "Conspiracy of Silence" featuring a judge and a lawyer, both middle aged white men with moustaches, in a courtroom.
Conspiracy of Silence – Part 2

  • Year created:

    1991

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Manitoba
Still from the film "Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief" featuring a close-up of Carol Geddes, an Indigenous woman with short cropped brown hair, in a field.
Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief

  • Year created:

    1986

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Carol Geddes

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)
Film still of Inuit Artist, Kenojuak standing in front of her artwork printed on paper. Her hand rests on her art, depicting black birds positioned around a circle, with a yellow circular overlay in the middle of the circle.
Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak

  • Year created:

    1963

  • Filmmaker(s):

    John Feeney

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Nunavut
Still from the film "For Angela" featuring Angela Saskosky and her mother, Rhonda Gordon, outside of a bus. Angela, a young Indigenous girl, is hanging her head and her mother, an Indigenous woman in her thirties, is on her knees talking to her.
For Angela

  • Year created:

    1993

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Nancy Trites Botkin, Daniel Prouty

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)
Film still from Hands of History of a woman standing in front of an art piece, panting the top right corner. The art piece contains images of wolves, clothing hangers and symbols of Indigenous clothing. There are also white painted handprints on the bottom portion of the art piece. There is also a small table with paint, paint brushes and other art supplies directly behind the woman.
Hands of History

  • Year created:

    1994

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Loretta Todd

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)
Film still from 'Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance' with the title of the film written in white in the middle of the image. Two law enforcement men are positioned at the left of the image, while two other men are positioned on the right, with barbed wire in between them. All four men are standing in a forest.
Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance

  • Year created:

    1993

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Alanis Obomsawin

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Quebec
Like the Trees

  • Year created:

    1974

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Kathleen Shannon

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Alberta
Still from "Mother of Many Children" featuring a group of older Inuit women sitting on the floor in a circle and weaving.
Mother of Many Children

  • Year created:

    1977

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Alanis Obomsawin

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)
Still from the film "My Name is Kahenttiosta" featuring an image of Kahenttiosta and her son. and a Mohawk Warrior flag.
My Name Is Kahentiiosta

  • Year created:

    1995

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Alanis Obomsawin

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    Quebec
Still from the film "Our Dear Sisters" featuring Alanis Obomsawin, an Indigenous women wearing braids and a dress, sitting in an arm chair and talking to the camera, with her young daughter in her lap.
Our Dear Sisters

  • Year created:

    1975

  • Filmmaker(s):

    Kathleen Shannon

  • Language:

    English

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

Periodicals

ISKWEW

ISKWEW – 1977

  • Year created:

    1977

  • Publisher:

    Saskatchewan Native Women’s Movement

  • Region:

    Saskatchewan

  • Language:

    English

Matriart

Matriart – Vol. 2, No. 1 – 1991

  • Year created:

    1991

  • Publisher:

    Women's Art Resource Centre

  • Author(s):

    Shirley Bear, Jane Ash Poitras , Marilyn Dumont, Joane Cardinal-Schubert , Susan Hare, Shirley Cheechoo, Tracy Kim Bonneau, Toby Burning, Joy Asham Fedorick, Teresa A. Smith, Mary Longman, Cheryl Henhawke, Marie Annharte Baker, Jean Marle Iron, Gail Duiker, Carla Murray , Mary Anne Barkhouse

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English

Native Women’s Association of Canada Newsletter

Native Women’s Association of Canada Newsletter – Vol. 1, No. 5 – June 1982

  • Year created:

    1982

  • Publisher:

    Native Women's Association of Canada

  • Author(s):

    Jane Gottfriedson , Elaine Jessop, J. Richstone

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Association of Canada Newsletter – Vol. 1, No. 2 – October 1981

  • Year created:

    1981

  • Publisher:

    Native Women's Association of Canada

  • Author(s):

    Jane Gottfriedson , Agnes Mills, Valerie Wright-Auton, Donna Roundpoint, Judy Cote

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Association of Canada Newsletter – Vol. 1, No. 4 – June 1982

  • Year created:

    1982

  • Publisher:

    Native Women's Association of Canada

  • Author(s):

    Jane Gottfriedson , Ken Lysyk, Rita Joe, Elaine Jessop, Marilyn Ranville

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Association of Canada: The Voice of Native Women – Vol. 1, No. 7 – 1983

  • Year created:

    1983

  • Publisher:

    Native Women's Association of Canada

  • Author(s):

    Jane Gottfriedson , Cheryl Achterberg, Tom Tarbet, Jr.

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Association of Canada: The Voice of Native Women – Vol. 1, No. 8 – Spring 1983

  • Year created:

    1983

  • Publisher:

    Native Women's Association of Canada

  • Author(s):

    Jane Gottfriedson

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
Native Women’s Association of Canada Newsletter – Vol. 1, No. 65 – September 1982

  • Year created:

    1982

  • Publisher:

    Native Women's Association of Canada

  • Author(s):

    Jane Gottfriedson

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English

Suvaguuq

Suvaguuq – Vol. 1, No. 1 – July 1985

  • Year created:

    1985

  • Publisher:

    Inuit Women's Association

  • Author(s):

    Jeela Alilkatuktuk Moss-Davies, Nora Jarrett, Mali Curley

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 1, No. 2 – October/November 1985

  • Year created:

    1985

  • Publisher:

    Inuit Women's Association

  • Author(s):

    Jeela Alilkatuktuk Moss-Davies, Nora Jarrett, Mali Curley

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 11, No. 1 – 2000

  • Year created:

    2000 or after

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Veronica Dewar, Claudia Brann, Sadie Hill

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 11, No. 2 – 2000

  • Year created:

    2000 or after

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 4, No. 4 – Fall 1989

  • Year created:

    1989

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Rhoda Kayakjuak

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 5, No. 3 – 1990

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Mary Sillett, Linda Archibald, Sophie Tom, Betty Brewster

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 5, No. 4 – 1990

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Rhoda Kayakjuak, Mary Sillett, Betty Brewster, Rosemarie Kuptana

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 7, No. 1 – 1992

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Ruby Arngna’naaq, Linda Archibald, Muati Qitsualik

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 7, No. 2 – 1992

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Linda Archibald, Ruby Arngna’naaq, Sadie Hill

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 8, No. 1 – 1993

  • Year created:

    1993

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Martha Flaherty, Mary Crnkovich, Linda Archibald, Muati Qitsualik

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 8, No. 2 – 1993

  • Year created:

    1993

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Linda Archibald, Ruby Arngna’naaq, Rhoda Karetak, Bernadette Immaroitok

  • Language:

    Other
Suvaguuq – Vol. 8, No. 3 – 1993

  • Year created:

    1993

  • Publisher:

    Pauktuutit

  • Author(s):

    Martha Flaherty, Linda Archibald, Simona Arnatsiaq-Barnes

  • Language:

    Other

The Womanist

thumbnail of The Womanist – Vol. 2 Issue 2 – Fall 1990
The Womanist – Vol. 2, Issue 2 – Fall 1990

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Publisher:

    Catalyst Research and Communication

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English

Women Spirit

thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-April-May-1990
Women Spirit – April/May 1990

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Author(s):

    Jacqueline Rose, Maddy Harper, Sally Gaikezheyongai, Mary Adele Andrew, Arthur Soloman

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of WomenSpirit-Fall-Winter-1989
Women Spirit – Fall/Winter 1989

  • Year created:

    1989

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Author(s):

    Maddy Harper , Sally Gaikezheyongai , Debby Danard, Glenda Snache, Art Soloman, Sharon Berg

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-Feb-March-1990
Women Spirit – Feb/March 1990

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Author(s):

    Maddy Harper , Sally Gaikezheyongai, Sharon Berg, Michelle L. Moses-Wey, Susan Hare

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-Jan-Feb-1989
Women Spirit – January/February 1989

  • Year created:

    1989

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Author(s):

    Dawn Smoke , Cheryl Lawson, Leslie Schvab, Deborah Brodey, Betty Balanger, Sally Gaikezheyongai, Barbara LaValley

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of WomenSpirit-June-July-1990
Women Spirit – June/July 1990

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Author(s):

    Sally Gaikezheyongai, Eileen Joyce Couchene, Dorothy Christian, Ellen Reynolds, Arthur Solomon

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-Summer-1992
Women Spirit – Summer 1992

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of WomenSpirit-01-06-Sept-Oct-1987
Women Spirit – Vol. 1, No. 6 – September/October 1987

  • Year created:

    1987

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-01-07-November-1987
Women Spirit – Vol. 1, No. 7 – November 1987

  • Year created:

    1987

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-02-02-April-May-1988
Women Spirit – Vol. 2, No. 2 – April/May 1988

  • Year created:

    1988

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of WomenSpirit-02-03-June-July-1988
Women Spirit – Vol. 2, No. 3 – June/July 1988

  • Year created:

    1988

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English
thumbnail of Women'sSpirit-02-04-October-1988
Women Spirit – Vol. 2, No. 4 – October 1988

  • Year created:

    1988

  • Publisher:

    Native Women’s Resource Centre of Toronto Inc.

  • Region:

    Ontario

  • Language:

    English

Photos

The theme of the Toronto International Women's Day March was Say No to Racism. The photo shows the Native Women's Resource Centre banner and contingent, as well as placards highlighting the impact of racism and colonialism on children. Photograph by Diana Meredith.
International Women’s Day 1986 (Toronto) – Women Say No to Racism

  • Year created:

    1986

  • Photographer:

    Diana Meredith

  • Region:

    Ontario
Marchers at the 1990 International Women's Day March in Toronto carry signs outside Queen's Park calling for settlement of Native Land claims and an end to the Gulf War.
International Women’s Day 1990 (Toronto)- Settle Native Land Claims/Stop Racist War

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Diana Meredith

  • Region:

    Ontario
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – People at Camp Listening to Speakers

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Barb Taylor and Alice de Wolff Off to Collect Water

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Barb Taylor and Grace Channer

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Dionne Brand and others

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Faith Nolan

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Flags of Indigenous Nations Flying at Peace Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Gathering of Women at Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Négociez! Pas D’armée

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Peace Camp/Camp de La Paix Sign

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – People Listening to Speakers at the Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Signs Posted at Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Solidarité avec les Mohawks

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Stop Government Terrorism! Sign at Calvaire d’Oka

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Susan Heald at the Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace CamThis photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.p set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka golf course proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area and to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end the golf course was not extended and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – Susan Heald speaking with Amy Gottlieb

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990) – View of Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990)- Doreen Silversmith, Mohawk from Six Nations

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec
This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990This photo is one of a number taken at the Oka Peace Camp set up in July 1990 in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Club proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end, the golf course was not extended, and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved., in solidarity with the Mohawks of Kanehsatake who rose up in defense of their ancestral lands after the Oka Golf Course proposed an extension and the building of luxury condos over a Mohawk ancestral graveyard in the sacred wooded area known as “The Pines”. This land had never been ceded. In early July, after the Mohawks refused to end their non-violent occupation of the area or to take down the barricade, the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec police) moved in, resulting in a violent confrontation. Later, the Canadian army was called in. Mohawk women, including Ellen Gabriel, played a central role in the uprising, which lasted for 78 intense days (July 11 – September 26, 1990). In the end the golf course was not extended and the condos were not built. But the larger issues of land sovereignty have never been resolved.
Oka Peace Camp (1990)- Indigenous Leader Speaking at the Oka Peace Camp

  • Year created:

    1990

  • Photographer:

    Amy Gottlieb

  • Region:

    Quebec

Posters
Inuit Womens Conference – July 28th – August 2nd, 1975

  • Year created:

    1975

  • Region:

    Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon

  • Language:

    Other
The Women’s Constitutional Conference

  • Year created:

    1992

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English
After being largely shut out of constitutional discussions taking place between the government and Aboriginal organizations on the issue of Aboriginal right to self-governance, the Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC) opposed the Charlottetown Accord reached by the federal and provincial leaders in 1992. It argued that their exclusion from the discussions was a violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and that they would not accept Aboriginal self-government without the equal rights of Indigenous women being protected in any new Constitution. During the 1992 round of constitutional debate the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC) also took a controversial stand against the Charlottetown Accords, arguing for the need to protect the equality rights for women won in the 1982 Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In August 1992, the NAC and NWAC held a joint conference and consultation to share their points of view and discuss what action to take.
The Women’s Constitutional Conference – August 24, 1992

  • Year created:

    --

  • Region:

    National (all of Canada)

  • Language:

    English